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Common reindeer lichen
Cladonia rangiferina

Vulnerability: not assessed globally, endangered in part of its range
Invasive: no
Identification: difficult (many similar species of lichen, especially in the cladonia family)
Monitoring: difficult (because it can be difficult to distinguish from other lichen species in the same area)

What is it?
Common reindeer lichen, or simply reindeer lichen, is a dense light-grey or white lichen, often with brownish parts. It grows in thick and low mats, with branches that divide into multiple other branches. In boreal pine forests, it can be the main species found on the ground.
Reindeer lichen is sometimes called "reindeer moss" but this is actually a misconception; the dense mats formed by the lichens can look like moss, but mosses and lichens are very different organisms.
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Where is it?
Reindeer lichen is present and common all around the arctic, where it is a preferred food for some species, especially the reindeer, as its name suggests. In Finland, it is only present in the far north.
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Interesting facts
  • Lichens like Cladonia rangiferina can survive in extremely cold or dry conditions. They are poikilohydric, meaning they do not have the ability to regulate their own water content - but they are able to survive being desiccated (dried out) and re-hydrated. Cladonia species were also found to be able to grow especially fast on burnt soils after forest fires.
  • Reindeer licens are used in Alaska and northern Canada by some Arctic native peoples. Traditionally, they could be used as food, for example dried for long travels or fried. Stomachs contents of reindeer, which contains mostly partially digested lichen, is called it'rik by the Gwich'in people of Arctic Canada and Alaska. It could be rendered into paste with other ingredients such as berries or fat, and used in other dishes to enhance taste.
  • Brewed into tea, Cladonia lichens were believed by some Arctic peoples to relieve some ailments and pains. Some recent research supports the potential of some of these lichens, including Cladonia rangiferina, for being natural antioxidants or antimicrobial agents.

Pictures

  • "Caribou Lichen [Cladonia rangiferina]" by MIKOFOX ⌘ Reject Fear, Go Outdoors, Live Healthy is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
  • "Cladonia rangiferina" by aburgh is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

References

  • Andre, A., & Fehr, A. (2002). Gwich’in Ethnobotany: plants used by the Gwich’in for food, medicine, shelter and tools. In Gwich’in Social and Cultural Institute and Aurora Research Institute (2nd ed.). Gwich’in Social and Cultural Institute and Aurora Research Institute.
  • Crawford, S. D. (2014). Lichens Used in Traditional Medicine. In B. Ranković (Ed.), Lichen Secondary Metabolites: Bioactive Properties and Pharmaceutical Potential (pp. 27–80). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13374-4_2
  • Hörður Kristinsson, Mikhail Zhurbenko & Eric Steen Hansen. Panarctic checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi. CAFF Technical Report No. 20, CAFF International Secretariat, Akureyri, Iceland, July 2010.
  • Junttila, S., Laiho, A., Gyenesei, A., & Rudd, S. (2013). Whole transcriptome characterization of the effects of dehydration and rehydration on Cladonia rangiferina, the grey reindeer lichen. BMC Genomics, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-870
  • Kari, Priscilla Russell. (1987). Tanaina plantlore. Dena'ina K'et'una: An ethnobotany of the Dena'ina Indians of southcentral Alaska. 2nd ed. [Revised]. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Alaska Region. p.205
  • Kosanić, M., Ranković, B., Stanojković, T., Rančić, A., & Manojlović, N. (2014). Cladonia lichens and their major metabolites as possible natural antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 59(1), 518–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LWT.2014.04.047
  • Starri Heiðmarsson. (2007). Cladonia rangiferina. Icelandic Institute of Natural History. https://en.ni.is/biota/fungi/ascomycota/pezizomycotina/lecanoromycetes/lecanoromycetidae/lecanorales/cladoniaceae-15
  • Roturier, S., Ollier, S., Nutti, L. E., Bergsten, U., & Winsa, H. (2017). Restoration of reindeer lichen pastures after forest fire in northern Sweden: Seven years of results. Ecological Engineering, 108, 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLENG.2017.07.011
PARTNERS

Project collaborators in Iceland

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Made possible with support from

The Icelandic Climate Fund (2020-2021)
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The North Atlantic Cooperation (2021-2023)
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              The Icelandic Climate Fund (2020-2021)

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The Nordic Cooperation (2021-2023)           

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  • Home
  • Goals
  • Local Nature
    • Flora and Funga >
      • Flowering plants >
        • Arctic poppy
        • Cow parsley
        • Mountain avens
        • Nootka lupin
        • Purple saxifrage
      • Non-flowering vascular plants
      • Non-vascular plants
      • Algae
      • Fungi >
        • Reindeer lichen
    • Land mammals >
      • Carnivores >
        • American mink
        • Arctic fox
        • Red fox
      • Herbivores >
        • Reindeer
        • Muskox
      • Insectivores
    • Marine mammals >
      • Seals and Bears >
        • Harbor seal
        • Polar bear
        • Ringed seal
      • Whales and Dolphins >
        • Humpback whale
        • Minke whale
        • Orca
    • Birds >
      • Birds of prey >
        • Gyrfalcon
        • Snowy owl
        • White-tailed eagle
      • Land birds >
        • Rock ptarmigan
        • Rock pigeon
        • Eurasian three-toed woodpecker
      • Passerines >
        • Common raven
        • European starling
        • Snow bunting
      • Sea birds >
        • Atlantic puffin
        • Great cormorant
        • Northern fulmar
      • Seagulls >
        • Black-legged kittiwake
        • Arctic tern
        • Arctic skua
      • Waders >
        • Eurasian oystercatcher
        • Common ringed plover
        • Purple sandpiper
      • Water birds >
        • Red-throated diver
        • Barnacle goose
        • Common eider
  • Activities
    • Beach treasure hunts
    • Ice fishing
    • Seal monitoring
    • Shore ecosystem walk
  • News
  • Contact us